Fire detection & Fire Alarm systems

Frequent cases of residential fire have been a regular headache for fire departments world over. Estimates suggest at least half of the lives that are lost due to residential fires could be saved by installing early warning fire detection and Alarm systems. They are very critical part of building management system

There are 2 types of residential fire detection systems: smoke detectors and heat detectors. The basic fire detection system in residential area depends upon detectors which have a sensing chamber, alarm sounding device and a means of electrical power transmission. There are 2 different kinds of smoke detectors: photoelectric and ionisation. Photoelectric one is responsive to fires that begin with a long period of smouldering, whereas ionisation one is more responsive to flame fires. Since prediction of fire is unpredictable, for maximum protection both technologies are in use.

Photoelectric smoke detectors:  Smoke can block or obscure the beam. When smoke blocks the light beam from the light source, reduction in light reaching the photosensitive device alters its output. Change in this output is sensed by the detector circuitry and alarm is initiated. Photoelectric smoke detectors are better suited to detect slow smouldering fires.

Ionisation smoke detectors:  Ionisation smoke detectors have a small amount of radioactive material. When smoke enters the chamber, it disrupts the flow of ions, thus reducing the flow of current and activating the alarm. They are more suitable for detection of fast flaming fires. 

Smoke detectors offer earliest possible fire detection and alarm system/warning of fire. In certain circumstances where standard fire detectors are unsuitable, special purpose detectors are used. Laser based fire detectors are used where extremely early fire warning is desired. They are ultra sensitive to smoke being 100 times more sensitive to standard ones.

Lately designers of fire detection & alarm systems have begun to introduce fire detectors that combine photoelectric and ionisation sensor in the same unit. The units combine the advantage of both the sensors into an advanced unit that detects smoke from a broader spectrum of fire. A residential fire detection and alarm system may also include a heat detector. Heat detectors wake up when air temperature exceeds the preset range or rate of rise is beyond preset limit, then they raise an laert when temperature in the vicinity rises.

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Implementation of Industrial Automation PLC SCADA in Power distribution

Power distribution: Additional layer of automation, communication and IT System to achieve operational efficiency and reduce losses has become a business necessity for power distribution utilities today. SCADA, Outage management system, Geographic information system, Energy management system, Network analysis tools, Work force and field automation system is being implemented for Power distribution utilities now a days.

-    SCADA increases the reliability of power supply automatically
-    There are APPS for information to consumers regarding availability of electricity or any disturbances in sub-station
-    SMS alerts on mobiles regarding bill generation, bill payment & position of availability of electricity.
-    IT enables posting of bills online immediately after taking reading of consumer’s meters.
Smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operational and energy measures including smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources and energy efficiency. Some of these are.

-    AMI advance metering infrastructure
-    PLM Peak load management
-    OSM Outage management system
-    DG Distributed generation
-    MG Micro grid
-    SCADA Supervisory control & data acquisition

PLC SCADA has greater role in this entire operation. Power distribution companies today have optimized their operations through implementing automation. PLC is used for controlling the operations, SCADA for monitoring purpose. SCADA comes with feature of alarms & events. The moment there is some fault, SCADA triggers an alarm, which is messaged to the relevant engineer on duty. Now a day there are PLCs come with GSM connectivity card. The moment SCADA generates an alarm, information is received by PLC. PLC as per the program & GSM card which has a slot for GSM Sim sends an SMS to the duty engineer regarding particular fault/alarm/shut down etc. In this way information about the sub-station is available to operator on real time basis, which is important for healthy maintenance & operation.

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